There is a schoolboy in your family

Mcooker: best recipes About kids

There is a schoolboy in your family Your little one went to school and a lot has changed in your family. A new time has begun. For the child, the usual way of life breaks down, new responsibilities appear, new contacts are established with peers and teachers, the skill of focused work in the lesson is gradually formed.

It is important that adults help their child adjust (adapt) to school. This is a difficult problem for both the child and the parents. Much depends on how the child's adaptation process goes at the initial stages of learning.

The process of education and physical development should be directly based on the physiology of the developing organism. Therefore, parents need certain knowledge about the features of the structure and vital activity of the child's body at different age periods. Such knowledge is also required by children themselves in order to know and maintain their body "in order" from a young age.

Perhaps the most paradoxical is the fact that in the age of the scientific and technological revolution, when the flow of information is unrestrainedly increasing, we know more about the world around us than about ourselves. Once upon a time, over the entrance to the ancient Greek temple of Apollo in Delphi, it was inscribed: "Know thyself." This was the motto of a whole philosophical doctrine based on the idea that knowledge of the world around us goes through the knowledge of ourselves, our capabilities, aspirations. Already the ancient philosophers realized the enormous importance of self-knowledge for understanding the world around us.

The human body is an extremely complex and finely arranged natural aggregate, which is distinguished by a highly developed ability to adapt to the environment. This is due to the fact that all parts, components of the body constantly interact with each other. Considering that the human body consists of an astronomical number of cells (about 10¹⁴), combined into various tissues and organs, it becomes clear how complex and reliable the control system of all processes occurring in it must be arranged, starting with such elementary ones as eating, breathing, and ending with mental activity.

A living organism is not some kind of frozen structure, once and for all formed. Metabolism constantly takes place in it: thanks to respiration and nutrition, the substances necessary for life enter, waste products and toxins are removed. All this is necessary for the body to constantly renew itself. Within one year, approximately 90% of all structures in the human body are replaced. The change of water molecules proceeds faster, it takes a little more than half a month to completely replace them. In 80 days, about half of the proteins in our body break down. Erythrocytes - red blood cells - live 120-140 days, after which they disintegrate, and their remains are removed from the body. This means that after 4-5 months the blood is completely renewed. But there are cellular elements that live a very short life. So, the cells lining the intestines live for only 24 hours, after which they are replaced by new ones. There is a schoolboy in your family

On average, the body renews itself at a rate of about 5-7 billion cells per day (the only exceptions are nerve cells, which do not completely die off, but only partially replace their protoplasm). Such a quick change of the constituent components of the body allows it to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

The first rule of a healthy lifestyle follows from the above: nothing should interfere with the natural processes of the body's renewal.

Modern achievements of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics have made it possible to penetrate into many secrets of the structure of the human body, to understand how expediently it is arranged. Living matter is characterized by the fact that an infinite number of different colloidal particles (proteins, lipids) are combined into membranes, which are the thinnest film structures with a thickness of only a few molecular layers. It is on these membranes that various biochemical transformations take place, which constitute the essence of metabolic processes. Inside the human body, the surface of the membrane structures is truly colossal. When the surface of the human body is slightly less than 2 sq. m total membrane area reaches 200 hectares!

In order for the huge membrane surface to function, the necessary nutrients are constantly delivered to them and unnecessary waste products are removed. More than 10 thousand km of capillaries deliver blood to the cells, which bring nutrients and carry away metabolic products. Think about how big this figure is! This is more than the distance from Moscow to Vladivostok. With the enormous extent of microstructures, one has to be amazed at how much the organism costs to provide them with minimal means. A total of 35 liters of liquid (5 liters of blood, 2 liters of lymph and 28 liters of extracellular fluid) is enough to constantly irrigate 200 hectares of membrane surface. This is just one of the amazing properties of the body, which confirms the uniqueness and reliability of its design. Indeed, a small loss of 200 hectares of membrane surface is not so significant for the body and is compensated daily by it. Meanwhile, the body is very fragile, only 5 liters of blood ensures the maintenance of all vital processes. The heart is a small organ that does not stop its contractions for a minute, performing an enormous amount of work. In just a day, the heart pumps 8-10 thousand liters of blood. It is clear how carefully you need to treat your body, how important it is not to disrupt the established rhythms of the work of its individual organs.

It has long been noticed that a person avoids excessive arrhythmic influences. On the contrary, small fluctuations in chemical reactions, temperature, and many other environmental factors allow the development of the body's resistance, its stability. This is the "wisdom of the body", as the famous physiologist W. Cannon wrote about it.

Knowing yourself is not just reading a few books about how the human body works and how it works. This is, first of all, to develop in yourself and your child the habit of sensitively listening to the work of the body and being attentive to any changes in it. Here's one example. If you calculate your heart rate (heart rate per minute) at rest (when you are in bed), it will be approximately 65 to 70 beats. In a child at rest, the pulse is somewhat less frequent (why this happens will be described below). When you get up, your heart rate will increase.

Do a few squats - the pulse quickens. With significant physical activity (running, intense physical exercise), the pulse rises to 160-170 beats. This means that during exercise, the heart beats more often because more blood is needed to the working muscles. However, the heart rate cannot increase infinitely. So, with a pulse over 180, the efficiency of blood supply to the vessels drops sharply.

Here's how the heart, one of the most sensitive organs, responds to exercise. It is equally important to observe the child in the moment of excitement caused by any experience. They occur frequently. It can be excitement when answering in a lesson, and in a dispute with friends, and in a moment of joy, etc. At such moments, the heart beats very quickly, it seems that it is about to "jump" out of the chest. If the pulse is counted at such a moment, then it will be about 120-140 beats.

With strong excitement and various emotions, a reaction is observed not only from the heart. In a moment of excitement, a person is thrown into a fever, some of the hands become wet, cold sweat appears on the forehead. These are already manifestations of the reaction of the blood vessels.

The reactions of the heart, as well as many other organs, during emotional influences are natural, they are caused by the release of special substances into the blood - hormones.

Each person reacts differently to physical and emotional influences. Therefore, scientists began to talk about a kind of "vegetative portrait" of each person, which together characterizes the features of the functioning of various organ systems.

The situation is even more complicated if we take into account the temperament, including that of children. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates identified four types of people, depending on their temperament: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic. Our great physiologist, Academician I.P. Pavlov, deepened these ideas and showed that these types are based on the characteristics of the higher nervous activity of people. Scientists describe these types as applied to children and adolescents. Choleric is highly excitable, but his interests are constant and stable, he is not lost when meeting difficulties, is persistent and stable in overcoming them. In the classroom, the choleric person usually works with concentration, listens, without being distracted by extraneous things. The melancholic is distinguished by indecision, increased sensitivity, overestimation of the significance of external events, reacts to a wide range of insignificant signals, and has difficulty determining the dominant (main) line of his behavior. He is easily lost, embarrassed, not sure of himself. The sanguine person is persistent, energetic, highlights the dominant motive of his activity, works steadily on those lessons that interest him. He easily gets used to the new environment, he is not burdened with discipline. A phlegmatic person usually does not notice many of the events taking place around him. He is inert, but if he is fond of work, then he does it patiently and persistently. The phlegmatic person is in good control of himself, but it takes a long time to get used to the situation, it is difficult to switch to other activities. There is a schoolboy in your family

Of course, the types of temperament are outlined here very schematically. However, if you closely observe your children, you will probably notice many interesting features in their behavior.

Depending on the temperament, emotions in people and the accompanying physiological reactions are manifested in different ways. All this must be known in order to be able to correctly assess the condition of the child and to seek medical help in time. Differences in the temperaments of parents and children can serve as a reason for mutual dissatisfaction in the family. Some adults complain about the slowness of their children. Often this happens with that dad or that mother who has a dynamic and strong nervous system, and the child inherits phlegm or sluggishness from the other parent. In such cases, a more active parent seeks to captivate his child with some interesting activity, sports, or a walk, while a phlegmatic child prefers to stay at home, do something, read a book. As a rule, in such cases there is mutual discontent, disputes, but you just need to let the child choose what he wants.

The inner world of a child's experiences is complex and diverse. Children, and especially adolescents, are generally characterized by increased excitability and reactivity, emotional instability, frequent mood swings, which is largely due to physiological changes and hormonal shifts. Much also depends on the nature of the relationship between the inner psychological world of a person and external events. The psychologist F. Ye. Vasilyuk, in his recently published book "The Psychology of Experiences" (1984), described in detail the most characteristic typological forms of human mental experiences.Each of these forms has its own worldview, special critical situations and specific experiences that help to overcome them. We do not have the opportunity to dwell on this very interesting problem, but we must nevertheless emphasize that recently the so-called psychological approach has begun to play an important role in solving problems of strengthening a healthy lifestyle. This is due to the fact that we live in a world of information overload, nervous stress, constant lack of time, which adversely affects our psyche, the state of our entire health.

Doctors know well that it is always easier to prevent any illness than to cure someone who has already fallen ill. For this, it is necessary to develop in every possible way the various protective mechanisms that the body possesses. One of these mechanisms is the immune system, which consists of a number of organs that produce special blood cells, in particular lymphocytes. These cells guard the internal environment of the body and destroy foreign substances that enter the body. Scientists are developing special treatments to boost the immune system. It is now important for us to note that it is possible with the usual means of hardening, which will be described in detail later, to strengthen the body's defenses and increase its resistance to various diseases.

The body of a child and adolescent is very different from the body of an adult in a number of ways. The anatomophysiological characteristics of children are due to the constantly occurring changes in the child's body, its structure and functions associated with growth and development. After birth, until the onset of adulthood, a gradual increase in body length and an increase in its mass occurs, the proportions of the body change (the ratio of the lengths and transverse dimensions of its various parts - the trunk, arms, legs, etc.), the structure of internal organs and muscles is improved, and their functionality. All this taken together is the age-related transformations of the organism, which are unequally expressed at different ages. A person reaches the maximum level of functional capabilities at the age of 20-25 years.

The child's body at various stages of its development, in comparison with an adult, is characterized by a certain immaturity of the main physiological systems and the lack of formation of regulatory mechanisms that provide complex forms of behavior and adaptation to environmental conditions.

There are certain turning points in development, when the age-related characteristics of the child's body are most clearly revealed. These tipping points occur at approximately ages 1, 3, 7, and 12 years. Each of them is characterized by a certain amount of anatomical and physiological features.

In general, certain behavioral traits are characteristic of each age: in the first year, the baby wants to get out of the arena - he needs to look around everything, at a year and a half he tries to let go of your hand and go for a walk on his own, at six or seven years old he wants to go to school himself, at nine - there is a desire to go to the cinema with your friends, at thirteen - to go for a walk alone in the evening, at fourteen - to go on vacation without parents, etc. These are only external manifestations of the child's behavior, which to a certain extent reflect physiological shifts in the body.

At primary school age (6-10 years), there is an intensive development of such psychophysiological functions as attention and perception. However, children's attention is still involuntary, they cannot concentrate on one subject for a long time, they are quickly distracted. For first graders, it takes about 8 minutes to work and focus: they can only hold this state for the next 8 minutes. Already by 17 minutes after the start of work, attention and performance decrease.In younger schoolchildren, observation is still poorly developed due to the prevalence of the first signal system over the second in the higher nervous activity. Therefore, verbal (verbal) teaching methods are less effective than visual, figurative. Starting from the 4th grade (and in the new learning conditions from the 5th grade), when the transition to subject learning begins, the child's thinking becomes more abstract, the ability to purposefully focus attention and fix it for a longer period of time, verbal logical memory develops, in contrast to the mechanical memory based on repetition, in younger students. Pupils of the middle IV-VII grades understand the tasks of learning and their responsibilities. A cognitive need is already being formed in high school students and serious interests are indicated. A certain change also takes place in the emotional sphere, which becomes very unstable during adolescence. By the end of adolescence, volitional qualities are formed. In high school students, the psychophysiological processes of attention, perception, and the peculiarities of thinking are close to those in adults, but they are not yet sufficiently developed; boys and girls, as a rule, do not know how to assess their capabilities in various situations.

In general, children tend to imitate leaders in their behavior. It should be remembered that in different age periods the leaders for imitation change: in children, these are parents, grandmother, grandfather; for younger students, as a rule, there is a teacher; in middle and senior grades - most often one of the peers. There is a schoolboy in your family

The development of the physical qualities of the body occurs mainly depending on the formation of the basic physiological systems. Qualities such as agility, flexibility, speed and strength are directly related to the age characteristics of the musculoskeletal system. As shown by special observations, flexibility is most advisable to develop at the age of 7-10 years, when the mobility of the links of the motor apparatus is well expressed, and the ligamentous apparatus is characterized by high elasticity. The formation of dexterity directly depends on the plasticity of the nervous system, therefore the best time for its development is 10-12 years old - the age, characterized by high mobility of nervous processes.

Formation of physical qualities can be facilitated and accelerated through specific physical exercises. The most appropriate are gymnastics, outdoor games, figure skating, acrobatics, diving, tennis, etc. High-speed and high-speed-strength exercises of appropriate intensity are also not contraindicated for young children (7-11 years old), for this can be used running, sports games, throwing , gymnastics. The conditions for the effective use of strength exercises develop at the age of 15-16 years, when there is a noticeable increase in muscle mass, the functional capabilities of the muscular system increase, and the nervous mechanisms for controlling strength movements are improved.

Especially violent changes occur at the age of 12-15 years, when the body grows relatively quickly, the process of puberty is intensively going on. All this is reflected in the state central nervous system, behavior, organ functioning. Suffice it to say that during this period during the year growth can increase by 7-10 cm. Arms and legs grow especially rapidly. Due to the rapid growth, the awkwardness of movements appears: it becomes difficult for a teenager to control his body. This is understandable. The rapid growth of the body does not keep pace with the growth of muscles, heart and blood vessels, nutrition of many organs lags behind. The neural mechanisms that control the functions of all organs have not yet been formed. Therefore, despite a significant increase in strength at this age, the working capacity of a teenager is only 50-70% of that of an adult. This means that it is harmful to physically load a teenager.Hence the following rule: physical activity and physical exercises should be strictly dosed in accordance with the age capabilities of the organism.

During adolescence, behavioral features are formed. Many parents begin to notice in their pets insolence, disregard for authority, disobedience, an exorbitant desire for independence. Teenagers become extremely intolerant of any negative phenomena of the surrounding reality. Here everyone gets it: teachers, parents, and peers! The estimates are sharp, rapidly changing. According to one very apt expression: "The personality of a teenager, as it were," wanders ", rushes about, suffers until he finds himself or loses himself." The transformation of a child into a teenager is a difficult stage of development, often accompanied by a fragile character. At the age of 12-16, a teenager for the first time begins to seriously worry about questions of love and fidelity, life, death, eternity ...

Adults, often reproaching a teenager for inattention, rudeness, demand from him the same way of behavior, but this is no longer possible. The young man begins to feel like an adult and expresses with his behavior a protest against being treated as a child. On this basis, conflicts arise in the family. What is left for parents to do? First of all, respect the boy, girl, take into account their age characteristics, understand their needs, motives of actions.

Parents' inability and sometimes unwillingness to see and evaluate the changes taking place in their child give rise to various forms of negativism in his behavior. It is no coincidence that many schoolchildren aged 12-14 perceive communication with adults, and above all with their parents, as a sphere of inevitable conflict.

Kozlov V. - Health is laid in childhood