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 Any trauma that damages the blood vessels causes bleeding. It can also occur due to the rupture of painfully altered vessels, as well as as a result of ulcerative, purulent and tumor processes.
If veins and capillaries are damaged, bleeding is usually minor. If an artery is injured, it can reach great strength. That is why it is necessary to be able to timely and correctly provide first aid, on which a person's life often depends.
When an artery is injured, the blood has a bright red color, is thrown out in a jerky manner, with great force; ulcers of capillaries - the thinnest branching of blood vessels - blood oozes slowly, in drops. When a vein is damaged, dark red blood flows out of the wound slowly but in a continuous stream.
Bleeding from internal organs (for example, with stomach ulcers, ectopic pregnancy, chest or abdominal injury) is a great danger to life. Internal bleeding is recognized by a sharp pallor of the face, weakness, very frequent pulse, shortness of breath, dizziness, severe thirst and fainting. In such cases, you must immediately call a doctor, and before his arrival, create complete peace for the victim.
Put an ice pack on the abdomen to the place of injury: cold narrows blood vessels, helps to stop bleeding. Without the permission of the doctor, the patient should not be given to drink.
If an arm or leg is injured, you must immediately raise it. With small venous and capillary bleeding, this is sometimes enough for the wound to become clogged with a formed blood clot. Most often, however, a so-called pressure bandage has to be applied. To do this, a piece of sterile gauze is applied to the wound, then a layer of cotton wool and bandaged tightly. If the bandage is again soaked with blood, a gauze cloth with cotton wool is placed over it and bandaged again. You can put an ice pack or snow on the pressure bandage.
First aid for stroke, seizures, seizures and injuries
When bandaging an arm or a leg, do not forget that the turns of the bandage should go from bottom to top - from the fingers to the body.
Moreover, the fingers, if they are not damaged, should be left open. By the color of the nails, you can monitor the state of blood circulation in the limb. When the dressing is too tight, the nails turn blue or white, and if applied correctly, they remain pink.
It is possible to stop bleeding from a large artery of a limb with the help of a tourniquet (moreover, as a tourniquet)
They use whatever is at hand — a rubber tube, belt, rope, braces, towel, etc.). To avoid pinching the skin, a tourniquet is applied over clothing or a piece of cloth is placed under it. An arm or leg is pulled over the injury site, in the upper thigh or shoulder. Remember that a loosely applied tourniquet compresses only the veins, causes blood stasis, and the bleeding not only does not stop, but even intensifies. However, overtightening can lead to compression of the nerve trunks and the occurrence of paralysis. With correct application of tourniquet, bleeding stops.
The tourniquet can be left on for no longer than one and a half to two hours. During this time, it is necessary to have time to deliver the victim to the hospital. If this cannot be done, it is imperative to dissolve the tourniquet for 10-15 minutes, pressing the damaged artery above the wound site with your fingers in the place where it is closest to the bone (see figure). Then the tourniquet must be tightened again. In winter, it is recommended to dissolve the tourniquet every half hour and protect the limb from frostbite.
You can also stop bleeding from a limb artery by pressing it against the bone at specific points.
Some people often have nosebleeds.It can be associated with local defects of blood vessels, sometimes occurs with injuries of the nose, head, as well as with hypertension.
To stop nosebleeds, it is enough to press the wing of the nostril from which the blood flows with your finger to the nasal septum. You can insert a cotton swab into the external nasal passage, moistened with hydrogen peroxide. Put a handkerchief moistened with cold water on the bridge of the nose.
To stop the bleeding that sometimes occurs after medical leeches, a crystal of potassium permanganate must be put in each wound with tweezers.
In all cases, after providing first aid, it is necessary that the patient or victim be examined by a doctor.
Candidate of Medical Sciences S. B. ZAGLUKHINSKAYA, "Health", 1970
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